Uprising against Ferdinand VII of Spain, leading to the establishment of an elected Cortes and a constitutional monarchy. As foreign secretary, Castlereagh successfully advised against British intervention, a line maintained by his successor Canning and the Duke of Wellington, Britain’s delegate at the 1822 Congress of Verona. However, the other nations at Verona decided to intervene and French troops defeated the Spanish rebels in the summer of 1823.

See Charles Breunig and Matthew Levinger, The Revolutionary Era, 1789-1840, 3rd edn (New York and London: Norton, 2002), pp. 184-88.